African Traditional Religion: A Definition (1973), Omosade Awolalu in Yoruba Belief and Sacrificial Rites and John Mbiti in The Concept of God in Africa (1970) are a few examples of postcolonial scholars of religion who have resisted and denounced colonial idea that Africans do not know God. Foreign aid has been helpful to many small African countries that are struggling economically. South Africa, Tunisia, and Kenya rank among the top countries with the best health care system in Africa. An example is the Ancient Benin Kingdom, known for its impressive artwork which is now scattered across the world. Fact: Slavery is virtually a universal institution. Today as a minority tradition, indigenous African religions have suffered immensely from human rights abuses. The challenge is to study faith, proverbs, traditions and mythology across Africa to identify the fragments of religion passed down as oral traditions and mythology in the great . Indeed indigenous African religions have provided the blueprint for robust conversations and thinking about community relations, interfaith dialogue, civil society, and civil religion. Marriage customs in Africa vary from one tribe to another. That is the ultimate and absolute being who originated and gives meaning to all existence.9 III. The stoning of the devil in the Kaba in Mecca was a disguise for rejecting the local Esu, the Yoruba god of fate and messenger of the gods. Using the qualitative historical research . Please confirm you want to block this member. The problem of Africa isnt wealth but the unequal distribution of wealth. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. I suggest that, at the conceptual and theoretical levels, we begin to take this interpretive approach seriously. The survey appears to support the prevailing narrative that the most . Its almost as if pre-colonial Africa never existed. .entry-morefrom {display: none !important} Therefore, this article will explore African spirituality, traditional religion, culture and the present way of life. Today, several myths are mixed with facts in describing African traditional religion. That is why we have freewill, and regardless of whether we choose to acknowledge that a living God exists or not, and regardless of how we choose to worship Him, directly or through deities, we will all be eventually accountable. However, western culture has blurred to an extent the lines between African tribes. The African religious worldview is primarily indigenous, although Islam and Christianity continuously respond to its viability and strength through their transitive approaches, their theologies, and their knowledge systems. Thank you for this interesting essay on African religion. Whether these words carry weight or simply make for a good quote, the fact remains that Africans are unique. Having tried to dispel some of the misconceptions . This is based on misconceptions that these religions are antithetical to modernity. Connecting With Your Ancestors (African Spirituality Beliefs and Practices) Monique Joiner Siedlak. However, the missionaries of the two foreign religions succeeded in converting some African people to the new religions. . The reason is partly that they want a time when, Your email address will not be published. .sqs-featured-posts-gallery .title-desc-wrapper .view-post This action will also remove this member from your connections and send a report to the site admin. Voodoo has no scripture or world authority. Please follow our Commentary Guidelines when engaging in discussion on this site. Du Bois argued . there is a diversity of religion in Africa; rather, it is the extent of that diversity and the degree to which the term 'African traditional religion' might misleadingly mask both that extent and the mutability of the forms it encompasses. Priests, priestesses, and diviners are among the authorities who perform religious ceremonies, but the hierarchical structure is often very loose. The traditional religions of Africa are human in the deepest sense, because they focus on people and their everyday problems. 8. These narratives come to us in the form of myths. Unlike its popular usage, in scholarly language myths are sacred stories believed to be true by those who hold on to them. Through modern change these traditional religions cannot remain intact, but they are by no means extinct. There are few religions as globally misunderstood as African traditional religions. Ifa rejects the religious extremism of certain forms of radical Islam making life unbearable in todays world. . Fact: One-third of Moroccans and one-quarter of Algerians do not speak Arabic as their first language. 13. This corrective scholarship and critical intervention helped to redefine African worldviews and spirituality and, as such, showed how African religion is pivotal to the individual and communal existence of the people. Kofi Johnson Fayetteville State University [email protected]. Another false impression often given about African religions is that women do not play any central or leadership roles in the performance of African religious traditions. Many centuries ago, Ifa must have envisaged the possibility of Boko Harams Islamic extremist movement ravaging Nigeria today. Required fields are marked *. It is a well-known fact that religion continues to play a central and vital role in the lives of African people. There are abundant natural resources scattered across the 54 countries of Africa. The Bambara and Malinke people of Mali believed that the primordial beings were twins. Correcting Misconceptions About African Traditional Religions. They counteracted various derogatory names given to AIR. Courtesy Of Stevenson, Amsterdam/Cape Town/Johannesburg. Bolaji Idowu, John Mbiti, Wande Abimbola, Benjamin Ray, Gabriel Setiloane, Laura Grillo, Aloysius Lugira, Kofi Asare Opoku, Emefie Ikenga-Metuh, Charles Long, and others attempted to imbue African traditions with the vitality, status, and identity that is now finally recognized. There is a general misconception that the entire people of North Africa speak Arabic. Myths reveal critical events and episodesinvolving superhuman entities, gods, spirits, ancestorsthat are of profound and transcendent significance to the African people who espouse them. Your email address will not be published. Gradually, many Africans began to buy the narrative. On the other hand, the Yoruba people encountered Europeans in dialogue rather than monologue. At the same time, forms of orature such as the Ifa tradition amongst the Yoruba, can form important sources for understanding the tenants and worldview of these religions that can serve as analogs to scriptures such as the Bible or the Quran. 14. The majority of Africans are hardworking and honest people. Every life stage is important in African religions, from birth and naming, to betrothal/marriage, elderhood, and eventually death. Loosely, it encompasses all African beliefs and practices that are considered religious but neither Christian nor Islamic. Absolute as Supreme, infinite and everlasting mind. Responding to this erasure of African indigenous religion as a productive and generative practice, scholars rallied in opposition. When Christianity and Western civilization came and interacted with African culture and religion, misconception of beliefs, values, and terms developed. That is the case concerning issues It all depends on the time of the year. For example, James George Frazer (18541941) and Edward B. Tylor (18321917) classified indigenous religious practices of natives not as universally religious or generative of religious cultures but as forms of primitive religion or magic arising from the lower of three stages of human progress. Thus, many practitioners of African religion, particularly in the shrines of goddesses, are women, indicating the parity with which African religion treats gender and gender-related issues. It arose through a process of syncretism between several traditional religions of West and Central Africa and Roman Catholicism.There is no central authority in control of the religion and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Vodouists, Vodouisants, or Serviteurs. Here Is What You Have To Know. Africa is poor. Each of these has its peculiar characteristics. No. 9 years ago. With exception of those who take history classes, the majority of young Africans will fail to elaborately tell the story of their origin. However, the so-called white wedding is Western culture. Robert N. Bellah, Civil Religion in America,, Jacob K. Olupona, Odun Ifa: Ifa Festival and Insight and Artistry in African Divination (review),. the belief that natural objects and natural phenomenon possess souls or spiritual beings. When I was in Israel a few years ago, I stayed in a modest bed-and-breakfast inn near the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Ifa divination system, which produced 256 chapters of oral narratives, constitutes an encyclopedic compendium of knowledge that provides answers to nearly every meaningful human question in the Yoruba and Fon universe. Although the slaves accepted Roman Catholicism, they did not give up their traditional beliefs either. The African tradition of female circumcision is the ritual of the rite of passage from girlhood into the realm of womanhood. Ifas religious thought systemfriendlier to Islam than to Christianitynot only predates Islam but also engages Islam in serious conversation. Voodoo is a religion that originates in Africa. Africans engaged Western enlightenment and religious traditions in serious dialogue and conversation, and responded by creating and interpreting their own modernity. However, African indigenous religion has not only succeeded in domesticating Islam and Christianity; in many instances, it has absorbed aspects of these two other traditions into its cosmology and narrative accounts and practices. Africa is the target of western stereotypes. Many sources define African worship as ancestral worship which is wrong. When I told him I am a twin (Ibeji) in Yoruba traditionand in principle a sacred being myselfhe almost fell on the floor to pay homage! In the primordial era, various forms of ethnic indigenous religions spread across the African continent, providing cohesive foundations of nations, peoples, and religious worldviews. During the colonial era, most of these traditional believes became a target of the colonial religion. Here Are the Top Ten African Volunteer Programs, 9 Traditional African Music Instruments And Their Origin, 8 Traditional African Sports That Should Be In the Olympics, economic forecasts predict the rapid growth in the African Market, 10 Traditional African Hairstyles And Their Origin. Truly opening my eyes on traditions, cultures and rituals that I did not know existed. Perhaps, it was a deliberate attempt to make Africans feel inferior about themselves. However, in the new world, we are seeing that the stone that the builders had rejected has become the cornerstone and central pillar: for example, Santeria was central to Cuban state making, and in Brazil only recently has Pentecostalism become responsible for the violence against Candombl devotees. The colonial masters brought with them a new religion which they believe to be superior to African traditional religion. Myth: Slavery in the non-Western world was a mild, benign, and non-economic institution. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. 1 While, officially, statistics suggest that African . religions are considered: African Traditional Religions (ATRs) especially that which is found in sub-Saharan Africa, and Christianity, sometimes referred to under the umbrella of faith-based communities. Such scholars stereotyped African religionand African peoples themselvesas primitive social forms, part of a lower social order. Indigenous religions are definitive of the African identity, as African religion and cultures provide the language, the ethos, the knowledge, and the ontology that enable the proper formation of African personhood, communal identity, and values that constitute kernels of African ethnic assemblages. The concerns for health, wealth, and procreation are very central to the core of African religions. My earlier scholarship was propelled by the insight that the ideology and rituals of Yoruba sacred kingship are what define Yoruba civil religion and, indeed, the center of Yoruba identity.15 Sociologist Robert Bellah understands civil religion as the sacred principle and central ethic that unites a people, without which societies cannot function.16 Civil religion incorporates common myths, history, values, and symbols that relate to a societys sense of collective identity. The misconception about African religion Man generally is given to misconception especially in the midst of conflicting ideas or contending issues. African identity and culture are preserved in African Traditional Religion. Religion creates a significant part of African life. Jacob K. Olupona is Professor of African Religious Traditions at Harvard Divinity School and Professor of African and African American Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University. the earlier idea was that African Traditional Religion was incompatible with monotheism. African American women are turning more and more to goddess religions and Orisa practices, as they find African religion offering them greater religious autonomy than other Western religions. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade led to the growth of African-inspired traditions in the Americas such as Candombl in Brazil, Santera in Cuba, or Vodun in Hati. Similarly, indigenous religion, worldviews, and rituals such as rites of passage and other religious performances are permeated by other religions, culture, and society in general. Narratives about the creation of the universe (cosmogony) and the nature and structure of the world (cosmology) provide a useful entry to understanding African religious life and worldviews. Yes, poverty is an issue in Africa. For many Africans, religion is a way of life that can never be separated from the public sphere, but instead informs everything in traditional African society, including politics, art, marriage, health, diet, dress, economics, and death. Each has a life force but no concrete physical form. One approach is to outline, in a systematic way, the essential features of these traditions without paying much attention to whether or not the traditions fit into the pattern of religions already mapped out by Western theologians and historians, who use Western religious traditions as the standard by which to measure religions in other parts of the world. Unique Beliefs, and Too Many Misconceptions Traditional native sweat lodge with hot stones inside . Theres a globally shared perspective of Africa being full of diseases. Divinities and ancestors have personalized annual festivals during which devotees and adepts offer sacrificial animals, libations, and favored foods to propitiate them. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, African countries are leading as well. Similarly, although ancestors dwell inside the earth, their activities also interject into human life, which is why they are referred to as the living dead.13 African cosmologies, therefore, portray the universe as a fluid, active, and impressionable space, with agents from each realm bearing the capabilities of traveling from one realm to another at will. African Religion is not Ancestor Worship. Women are revered in African traditions as essential to the cosmic balance of the world. Little wonder John Mbiti, a famous African theologian said, Wherever the African is, there is his religion. 4. Many traditional African religions are based on guiding principles that are unfathomable to foreigners, more specifically those with interests such as historians and scholars. It was through this encounter that the Yoruba system of banking money in traditional pots kept underground in farms and forests began. It argues that the best interpretation of the Constitution requires laws that address cross-cutting issues of recognition and redistribution relating to religion/culture and gender, and that the best . Therefore for these people, twins were treasures. These elements are worth exploring and espousing. As spirits, the ancestors are more powerful than living humans, and they continue to play a role in community affairs after their deaths, acting as intermediaries between God and those still living.6 Finally, I would add that Africans live their faith rather than compartmentalize it into something to be practiced on certain days or in particular places. Benin Is Getting Back 26 Of Its Looted Artifacts from The Colonial Era. It goes a long way to show that information is power and the way a story is told matters a lot. Through a profound process of orality, Ifa as an interpretive tradition espouses an epistemology, metaphysics, morality, and a set of ethical principles and political ideology. Advocating for civil religion in a religiously pluralistic society does not require the erasure of conventional religious traditions. Intentional or not, this interpretation creates a distorted and misconstrued view of Africans by the rest of the world. Acceptably, this was a cruel act of ignorance, but like many other stories about African countries, this story is often generalized. African Vibes is a one-stop global platform that connects the African diaspora to opportunities for growth, development, and social impact in Africa. This statement isnt true. Africa has 4 main climate zones. When he heard that I came from Nigeria, he wanted to display his knowledge of Ocha tradition as a devotee of Oxhosi, God of Thunder in Afro-Brazilian heritage. For one thing, a sizable number of African myths deal with events considered to have actually happened as narrated by the people themselves or as reformulated into symbolic expressions of historical events. These stages characterized European perceptions of human evolution. The idea that Africa is unsafe while statistics say otherwise shows how much misconception there is about Africa. Fact: Slavery is older than the first human records. Catholic moral theologian Laurenti Magesa argues that, unlike clothes, which one can wear and take off, for Africans, religion is like skin that cannot be so easily abandoned.7 Mbiti also captures this unique aspect in the following passage: Because traditional religions permeate all the departments of life, there is no formal distinction between the sacred and the secular, between the religious and non-religious, between the spiritual and the material areas of life. There are so many interesting facts about Africa that you dont see every day. Misconception 1: "Entire North Africa natively speaks Arabic.". Many economic forecasts predict the rapid growth in the African Market. Thank you. those misconceptions and misrepresentations of the facts presented by Eurocentric scholars. 5.3.2 Intolerance and misconceptions about African traditional religion and Culture As already alluded, the stories told in Europe about Africa, the notion of racial and cultural superiority, and the notion of salvation, led to the western missionaries having a negative attitude toward African traditional religion and culture. For example, in my local language . But Ifa divination predates Western modernity. on. While those who identify as practitioners of traditional African religions are often in the minority, many who identify as Muslims or Christians are involved in traditional religions to one degree or another. African dance occupies central place in cultures throughout the African continent, embodying energy and a graceful beauty flowing with rhythm. The diviner, therefore, is also a counselor, psychologist, medicine man or woman, and the spiritual guardian of villages and towns. Similar to other West African communities, the Yoruba did not reject Western modernity but challenged its claim to ontological and epistemological superiority. Ifa defines Yoruba humanity, providing responses to critical issues of its communities. God is the first Initiator of a people's way of Life, its tradition. Similarly, there are others like Henry Louis Gates who has appropriated images of the Yoruba deity of Esu in his own work. African traditional religions are structured very differently from Western religions in that there is relatively little formal structure. The area of study is Buganda in Uganda. Hence to call African traditional religion ancestral worship would cause problems in the study of ATR. Giving opportunity to stereotypes like Africa are poor and Africa is corrupt. As in the Muslim pilgrimage, it is a solemn journey to the hilltop. 4.8 out of 5 stars. The most difficult task I face in characterizing African indigenous spiritual traditions is accounting for their diversity and complexity. I ran into a co-resident, a famous Swiss author. The much-cited dictum by the doyen of African religious studies, the recently deceased John Mbiti, that "Africans are notoriously religious" still holds true (though I prefer to use the word "deeply"). Many foreign nations and organizations do send aid to African countries. For Ivy Akumu '15, it sparked an interest in the history of Christianity and, by extension, of other religions. Instead, the old and the new were syncretized, producing some unique . In this essay, I attempt to refocus the centrality of indigenous religion, not only in defining African cosmology and an African worldview, but also in defining the African personality in the twenty-first century. The stories of violence, kidnapping, religious and political war in Africa are so common. Just as Muslim traders and sojourners introduced new world religions to North and West Africa, Western traders and missionaries introduced new world religions to the continent. Published. African traditional religion (ATRs) and spirituality have always been surrounded by negativity. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Courtesy of Stevenson, Amsterdam/Cape Town/Johannesburg. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. This is an incorrect representation of the continent that is so vast and with diverse political, social and economic differences. Hence the misguided notion that Africans are corrupt. 3. Myths, folklores proverbs therefore become the major sources of African philosophy (Jaja, 1995:28). 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